Posted by
Always To The Right on Friday, July 13, 2007 6:54:16 PM
This report republished with attribution to Strategic Forecasting, Inc. at www.stratfor.com.
The Many Faces of Al Qaeda
By Peter Zeihan With all the talk about
al Qaeda "leaders,"
al
Qaeda "factions" and militants with "links" to
al Qaeda, it is useful to take
a step back and clarify precisely what
al Qaeda actually is.
Al Qaeda is a
small core group of people who share strategic and operational
characteristics that set them apart from all other militants -- Islamist or
otherwise -- the world over. All signs indicate this group is no longer
functional and cannot be replicated. Whether or not
Osama bin Laden is still
alive,
al Qaeda as it once was is dead.
Strategically, these men
envisioned a world in which the caliphate would rise anew as a consequence of
events they would set into motion. The chief obstacle to this goal was not
the
United States but the panoply of secular, corrupt governments of the
Middle East.
Al Qaeda knew its limited numbers precluded it from defeating
these governments, so it sought to provoke the Muslim masses into
overthrowing them.
Al Qaeda also knew it lacked the strength to do this
provoking by itself so it sought to trick someone more powerful into doing
it.
By
al Qaeda's logic, an attack of sufficient force against the
Americans would lure the
United States to slam sideways into the
Middle East
on a mission of revenge, leading to direct and deep U.S. collaboration with
those same secular, corrupt local governments.
Al Qaeda's hope was that such
collaboration with the Americans would lead to outrage -- and outrage would
lead to revolution. Note that the 9/11 attacks were not
al Qaeda's first
attempt to light this flame. The 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings and the 2000
USS
Cole bombing were also the work of this same
al Qaeda cell, but the attacks
lacked the strength to trigger what
al Qaeda thought of as a sufficient U.S.
response.
The Real Difference But
al Qaeda is hardly
the first militant group to think big. What really set
al Qaeda apart was its
second characteristic -- its ability to evade detection. That ability was
part and parcel of the way in which
al Qaeda formed.
Al Qaeda's roots are not
merely within the various militant groups of the Arab
Middle East but deep
within the geopolitical struggles of the Cold War. Many of the mujahideen who
relocated to
Afghanistan to resist the Soviet invasion found themselves
recruited and funded by Saudi intelligence, equipped and tasked by U.S.
intelligence and managed and organized by Pakistani intelligence.
This exposure not only leveraged the Afghan resistance's paramilitary
capabilities but also gave the mujahideen a deep appreciation for, and
understanding of, the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. and Soviet
intelligence systems. When the Cold War ended, some of those mujahideen
reconstituted their efforts into what came to be known as
al Qaeda, and those
deep understandings became part of the organization's bedrock.
Such
knowledge enables
al Qaeda to operate beneath the radar of nearly all
intelligence agencies. It knows how those agencies collect and analyze
intelligence, where the blind spots are and, most important, how long it
takes for an agency to turn raw information into actionable intelligence.
This characteristic is
al Qaeda's greatest asset.
Al Qaeda's
standards of operation assume that intelligence agencies are always waiting
and watching, and only
al Qaeda's understanding of those operations keeps the
"base" from being busted. Operational security -- not operational success --
is
al Qaeda's paramount concern; its attacks are meticulously planned,
fantastic in scope and sacrificed in a heartbeat if the leadership suspects a
breach in security. This makes
al Qaeda nearly impossible to track.
It also means that
al Qaeda, by necessity, is a very small, close-knit
group. The organization's core -- or the apex leadership, as we often call it
-- consists of little more than
Osama bin Laden,
Ayman al-Zawahiri and a
double handful of trusted, heavily vetted relationships stretching back more
than a decade. Disposable operatives with minimal training can be picked up
for specific missions, but these people cannot do anything very complex (such
as infiltrate a foreign country and hijack a civilian airliner).
Replacement of lost assets within this small group is negligible due to
security concerns. Ultimately, the same security protocols that empowered
al
Qaeda to be a player of strategic scope are what removed
al Qaeda from the
chessboard.
Once the
CIA and its affiliated allies named
al Qaeda
public enemy No. 1,
al Qaeda's security instincts became its greatest
liability. The rapid U.S. invasion of Afghanistan caught
al Qaeda off guard
-- the group had assumed it would have months of U.S. pre-mission staging
before the invasion, a lesson it learned from watching the first Gulf War.
The quick U.S. response meant
al Qaeda was forced to go into hiding before it
had fully secured redundant communication, funding and travel routes.
Intelligence agency efforts to penetrate
al Qaeda forced the group to
constrict information flow, limit financial transfers, reduce recruiting and
abandon operations. Once the
United States succeeded in co-opting Saudi
assistance against
al Qaeda in 2003 -- something brought about both by a U.S.
presence in
Iraq and
al Qaeda's own efforts to destabilize its ideological
homeland --
al Qaeda's star stopped falling and started plummeting.
Al Qaeda has not only failed in its attempts to trigger region-wide
uprisings against the Middle East's secular governments, it has also lost the
ability to launch strategically meaningful attacks -- that is, attacks
resulting in policy shifts by its targets.
Al Qaeda can operate to a certain
degree in regions where it has allies, many of whom flowed through its
training camps in the 1990s, but the ability of the group that planned the
9/11 attacks to operate beyond the
Middle East and South
Asia seems to have
disappeared. Attrition after years of confrontation with the Americans,
coupled with self-imposed isolation, has rendered
al Qaeda useless as a
strategic actor. Not only is its ability to provide command and control
nonexistent, but its self-enforced invisibility and inactivity have
undermined its credibility.
Furthermore,
al Qaeda has left no one
truly capable of taking up its mantle. The training camps in the 1990s
processed hundreds of would-be jihadists, but the quality of that training
for the rank and file has been exaggerated. Most of it was a combination of
poor conventional combat training and ideological indoctrination. Hence, most
"veterans" of those camps have neither access to the core
al Qaeda leadership
nor the operational security or tactical training that would allow them to
reconstitute a new elite core. They are no more members of the real "
al
Qaeda" than today's skinheads are members of the real Nazi party.
By
the only criterion that matters -- successful attacks --
al Qaeda has slipped
from readjusting global priorities (9/11) to contributing to the change in
government of a middling U.S. ally (the March 2003
Spain attacks) to
affecting nothing (the 2005 London bombings). No attacks since can be
meaningfully linked to
al Qaeda's control, or even its specific foreknown
blessing.
Al Qaeda had hoped for a conflagration of outrage that would sweep
away the Middle East's political order; it only managed to raise a few sparks
here and there, and now it is a prisoner of its own security.
Yet,
public discussion of all things "
al Qaeda," far from fading, has reached a
fever pitch. But this talk -- all of it -- is about a fundamentally different
beast.
Enter Al Qaeda the Franchise It all started
with Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who put himself forward as the leader of the Iraqi
node of
al Qaeda in 2004. While one can argue that al-Zarqawi might have been
through an
al Qaeda training camp or shared many of bin Laden's ideological
goals, no one seriously asserts he had the training, vetting or face time
with bin Laden to qualify as an inner member of the
al Qaeda leadership. He
was a local leader of a local militant group who claimed an association with
al Qaeda as a matter of establishing local gravitas and international
credibility. Other groups, such as Southeast Asia's Jemaah Islamiyah, had
associations with
al Qaeda long before al-Zarqawi, but al-Zarqawi was the
first to claim the name "
al Qaeda" as his own.
For
al Qaeda,
prevented by its security concerns from engaging in its own attacks,
repudiating al-Zarqawi would make the "base" come across as both impotent and
out of touch. Accepting "association" with al-Zarqawi was the obvious choice,
and bin Laden went so far as to issue an audio communique anointing
al-Zarqawi as
al Qaeda's point man in
Iraq.
Others have also
embraced the al-Zarqawi/al Qaeda association, as dubious as it was.
Al
Qaeda's operational security protocols -- and its ongoing presence just
beyond the United States' reach in northwestern Pakistan -- meant that
destroying
al Qaeda (the
real al Qaeda) was at best a difficult
prospect. But al-Zarqawi was local and active and clearly valued launching
attacks over maintaining hermetically sealed security. Al-Zarqawi
could be brought down. And just as al-Zarqawi's "association" with
al
Qaeda increased his street cred with the Arab world, that "association" also
increased his value to the U.S. military as a target. Taking down an "al
Qaeda-linked terrorist" was much better for purposes of public relations and
funding than taking down any random militant. The media, of course, stand
ready to help; reporting on a militant with direct connections to bin Laden
is sexy -- even if that connection was only catching a glimpse of Big "O"
walking by during breakfast.
The result has been the formation of an
odd iron triangle among an
al Qaeda desperate for relevance, local jihadists
seeking a fast track to importance and Western intelligence and law
enforcement seeking credibility and funding. In the common lexicon,
al Qaeda
is no longer that core of highly trained and motivated individuals who tried
to change the world by bringing down the
World Trade Center, but a
do-it-yourself jihadist franchise that almost anyone can join. Some nodes are
copycats who look to the real
al Qaeda for inspiration; others are existing
militant groups -- such as Algeria's Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat,
now called the
al Qaeda Organization for the Countries of the Arab Maghreb --
that can identify with their ideological brethren. But few to none have any
real connections to
al Qaeda.
Violence is certain to continue, but
the lack of meaningful attacks in the West in general and the
United States
in particular suggests
al Qaeda's degraded capacity and the West's improved
security have minimized the chances of a geopolitically significant attack
for the next several years.
This does not mean would-be "
al Qaeda"
groups are not dangerous, or that the "war on terror" is anywhere near over.
While some of the would-be
al Qaeda groups almost seem comical, others are
competent militants in their own right -- with al-Zarqawi perhaps being the
most lethal example. Their numbers are also growing. The ongoing war in Iraq
has provided potential militants across the Islamic world with the motive to
do something and the opportunity to gain some serious on-the-job training.
Just as Soviet operations in
Afghanistan created a training ground for a
generation of Middle Eastern militants in the 1980s and 1990s, the Iraq war
is in part a crucible for the next generation of Arab militants. Add in
al
Qaeda's offer of open association and we will be hearing from dozens of "al
Qaedas" in the years to come.
Luckily, links between these new
groups and their erstwhile sponsor are limited mostly to rhetoric. There
might be a few thousand people out there claiming to be
al Qaeda members, but
the real
al Qaeda does not exercise any control over them. They are not
coordinated in their operations or even working toward a common goal. And
while many of these new al Qaedas might be competent militant groups, they
lack the combination of strategic vision and obsession with security that
ultimately allowed the original
al Qaeda to move mountains.
Top it
off with terminology buy-in from Western intelligence, law enforcement and
the media and the result is a war literally without end; the definition of
al
Qaeda is stretched by nearly any player to fit nearly any political need. The
United States is now waging a war against jihad
ism as a phenomenon,
rather than against any specific transnational jihad
ist movement.
Back to Square One? The political situation in Pakistan
has long imposed an unstable stasis on what many feel should have been the
real focus of the war on terror all along. Since escaping from
Afghanistan in
2001, the true al Qaeda has spent most of its time taking refuge in
northwestern Pakistan, where a mix of political complications and ethnic and
tribal allegiances have allowed it to stay out of harm's way.
The
United States has been aware of al Qaeda's presence there, but ultimately has
not attacked for three reasons. First, al Qaeda's internal security protocols
forced the organization to isolate itself. During a time when the United
States had a great many fish to fry, al Qaeda seemed to have put itself into
lockdown; it was issuing videos, not starting wars like Hezbollah or
reconstituting like the Taliban. Second, while U.S. intelligence knows the
region in which al Qaeda resides, it has never gotten enough detail to allow
for airstrikes to take care of business. Such not-quite-there intelligence
has always been just diffuse enough to necessitate boots on the ground -- and
raise the specter of a disastrously botched and politically problematic
military operation.
Which brings us to the third and, in many ways,
most important reason for leaving al Qaeda alone. The United States felt it
could not risk an assault for fear of political fallout. Ultimately, the
United States needs Pakistani cooperation to wage war in Afghanistan -- after
all, Pakistan has the only easily traversable land border with the landlocked
country -- and support for radical Islam runs deep in both Pakistani society
and government. So, yes, U.S. attacks against militant sites located on
Pakistani soil happen all the time, but they are small pinprick operations.
Any large attack could not be disavowed and, therefore, could result in the
fall of the very Pakistani government that makes the hotter parts of the war
on terror possible.
Back in 2005, the United States believed it had
credible intelligence about a planned meeting of the core al Qaeda leadership
in northwestern Pakistan. A strike force of several hundred to several
thousand was assembled in order to punch through the Pakistani tribes hiding
and shielding bin Laden and his allies, but the strike was ultimately
abandoned because then-Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld felt the operation
could not be kept quiet. It is one thing when Pakistanis think there are a
few Americans running over the border to do something tactical. It is quite
another when Pakistanis
know that several thousand Americans with
heavy air support are surging across to do something strategic. The U.S.
might have been able to take out its target, but probably not without losing
a critical ally.
Details of this attack plan were leaked July 8 to
The New York Times. For us at Stratfor, news of the plans was nothing new. It
made perfect sense that this plan, and likely dozens of others like it, were
at various times in the works stretching back as far as 2003 (and we have
noted such on numerous occasions). What caught our attention was the timing
of The New York Times article. The United States has been eyeing northwestern
Pakistan for years. Why draw attention to that fact now?
The United
States' core fear in 2005 was that the Pakistani government would
destabilize. Well, in 2007, the Pakistani government is horrendously
unstable. On July 10, Islamabad launched a multi-hour raid replete with
Branch Davidian overtones against the Red Mosque complex and a gathering of
radical (some would say mentally unhinged) Islamists challenging the
government's writ. Be worried when the government of an Islamic republic
feels it must take such action. Be doubly worried when the government taking
the action already seems to be in its death throes.
Previous efforts
by Pakistani President Gen. Pervez Musharraf to strengthen his political grip
on the country by firing the chief justice rebounded on him so severely that
he cannot even depend upon his oldest allies. Various political, military and
cultural power centers are sniping at the president, making their own
independent and often contradictory demands. There are also hints that
Musharraf's faculties are beginning to crack. The government -- as well as
the president -- is now teetering on the edge of oblivion, facing an unsavory
menu of crushing compromise with one force or another to stay in power in
name, and risking the turbulent waters of emergency rule over an increasingly
hostile population.
If the threat of a government fall was the only
thing holding Washington back in 2005, and now that the fall is imminent
through no action of the United States, what does Washington have to gain
from restraining itself any further?
This is more than a rhetorical
question. The relative inactivity of al Qaeda these past six years, as well
as the political situation in Pakistan, has imposed a shaky equilibrium on
the issue. Al Qaeda's security protocols curtail al Qaeda's threat level, and
that has allowed the United States to shelve the issue for another day.
Meanwhile, the instability of Musharraf's government limits the United
States' ability to pressure Islamabad over the issue of al Qaeda.
Consequently, al Qaeda has been more or less hiding in plain sight.
Alter any aspect of this scenario -- in this case, drastically increase
the tottering of the Musharraf government -- and the "stability" of the other
pieces immediately breaks and the United States is forced to surge assets
into Pakistan.
Washington has to assume that an al Qaeda anywhere but
Pakistan is an al Qaeda that will act with less conservatism. By the American
logic, al Qaeda assets in Saudi Arabia, long drilled that security is
paramount, would naturally doubt that a telegram from bin Laden ordering a
new attack is genuine -- but they would certainly believe bin Laden himself
should he show up at their door. By al Qaeda's logic, Musharraf's fall would
force al Qaeda to relocate from Pakistan because the group would have to
assume that the Americans would be coming.
Which means the odd stasis
in the war on terror these past six years could be about to loosen up, and a
front that has proven oddly cold might be about to catch fire.